Production
Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone, amphetamine, and more stimulants, and it can be produced from either ephedrine or pseudoephedrine by chemical reduction. Virtually all of the necessary chemical substance come readily available within home products or even over-the-counter medicines. This makes methedrine come out remarkably easily to produce, unlike cannabis and cocaine, which are each harvested directly from either plants.

Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride & ephedrine hydrochloride come ordinarily available decongestant drugs without hard euphoric results. There come numbers of different syntheses for conversion which may be discovered using your internet browser, although these sources are for instance non trusty, & virtually all experient 'cooks' learned from chemistry classes or more 'cooks' personally. A synthesis involves moderately unsafe chemical substance & processes that can be considered highly unsafe.

Virtually all production methods require hydrogenation of the hydroxyl group on the ephedrine/pseudoephedrine molecule. A usual method in the United States involves red phosphorus and hydroiodic acid. An more and more most common method involves metal lithium and (very unsafe) liquid ammonia. More less most common methods have more means of hydrogenation, like h barking spiders when in contact with the catalyst.

The entirely different synthesis procedure involves creating chicken feed applying phenylacetone and methylamine, both of which are then presently DEA list I chemicals. This was when a favorite method of production by criminalize biker gangs around California, however DEA restrictions on a chemical substance own processed this an rare way to make the drug now.

These chemical substance come usually utilized by population forgoing laboratory step by step training about & around a family for a kind of personal utilizes; yet, the production of chicken feed is does'nt to become confused by having these lot safer domestic utilizes. In point of fact, after law enforcement finds the glass laboratory, specially trained & qualified agents, wearing to the full hazardous materials protection suits, dismantle & dispose of the science laboratory devices & materials. These come approximated for each Unity pound of chalk produced, Quintuplet pounds of wild waste are likewise produced.

A extremely toxic by-products are for instance dumped inside insecure pages. Unsafe situations can as well effect: for instance, whenever a reaction is allowed to overheat, phosphine gas can be produced & stamp out a operators of illegal "clan" (clandestine chemistry) or "meth" research lab.

Until a early 1990s, methamphetamine was processed mostly around hole-and-corner science laboratory do by drug peddler around Mexico and California; these areas are however a big U.S. producers. Since so, but, authorities stand found increasing many microscopic-shell ice research laboratory everthing on top a United States, usually located in rural, suburban, or even sale-income areas. A methedrine condition is virtually all rife around suburban & rural areas of the Southwest & Midwest. A Indiana state police found 1,26Laboratory inside 2003, compared to simply Sise inside 1995.

Recently, upwardly mobile methedrine & hotel-depending science laboratory own caught a attention of each a fourth estate & law enforcement. These own been seen as a public safety issue because of the increased exposure of the general public to risky chemical substance, explosions & fires. Additionally to these good issues, there exists likewise the likeliness of a 'cook' being swell armed. the police force use responded doubly: 1st, per creation of a total of specialised project forces & second, per education of people souls around all probability to are in email by using souls included in the production of meth.

In April 6, 2004, Oklahoma issued a state law prohibiting a non-on top-a-nonprescription low of certawithin over-the-counter medications known to contain ingredients utilized in methamphetamine production. Iowa enacted a law concerning a low of precursors like pseudoephedrine. This law takes that non-over-a-counter doses by having pseudoephedrine become laid behind the pill roller's counter. The human might merely purchase 330mg of pseudoephedrine by the day. It must as well indicate identification whenever purchasing the drug, & sign a logbook whenever purchasing pseudoephedrine. Oregon passed the similar law which adds that listings of the emptor come to exist as located in a list saved for as much as 2 years. Inside August, 2005, Oregon strengthened its anti-methamphetamine laws potentially farther by passing legislation requiring the guide to obtain doses containing pseudoephedrine.

History
Methamphetamine was 1st synthesized inside 1919 by the Japanese chemist A. Ogata. A method of synthesis was reduction of ephedrine utilizing red phosphorus and iodine. Methpep pill is closely related amphetamine which was first synthesized in the month 1887 by L. Edeleano, a German chemist. Above instance, a chemical's utilise, distribution, & place inside society changed from either unimportant, to polemically beneficial, to terrible infamy.

Late apply involved its distribution per Allies and the Axis to troops during Globe War II under a title Pervitin. A Nazis, particularly, distributed trash widely to their soldiers for utilize as a stimulant, particularly to SS personnel and Wehrmacht forces in the Eastern Front. When Globe War II the massive supply of meth, once stocked per Japanese armed forces, became available around Japan; skyrocketing addiction & severity followed.

A 1950s saw a high rise in the legal guide of shabu to the U.s. public. Prescribed for all about from either fleshiness to depression, ice, & amphetamines in general, involved the sizable a portion of the everyday Western life ("Pop a pep pill").

A 1960s saw the run of the important utilize of cloak-and-dagger manufacture to supply chalk. A 5 years from either 1978 to 1983 are purported to be a and so-supposed "golden years" of destruct trash manufacture. Until so, drug laws were far behind a methods of production, by having a precursors, devices & supply of such existence near freely available & within just about completely shells legal to possess. Yet, a U.S. government passed a Federal Analog Act in an attempt to combat the growing condition of designer drugs.

Starting in the 1980s and on into a run of a twenty-foremost century, the rural areas of the United States—especially the Midwest and South—have had the big rise, penetration, & saturation & possibly inside a few legal actions decline of chalk apply. a bit of view what saturation & decline keep around taken place when thomas more of a natural trend of a symptoms of abuse than a effect of law enforcement; the damage handle the chemical substance has been then low that a select few select to stay away from the drug following of either straight observation or even word-of-mouth on the drug's results. Even so, numerous sense that todays methedrine abuse in the U.S. however is an epidemic.

Current controversy

In August 8, 2005, a newsmagazine Newsweek devoted a handle story to trash & its abuse[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8770112/site/newsweek/], which involved the part that discussed criticism of the Bush administration's policies regarding meth. Critics sense that a administration has non devoted plenty resources to education astir & bar of shabu apply, around weak of its far flung accessibility & a possibly grave symptoms of long-long-run abuse. A Bush administration has countered by having a position that cannabis is a dangerous gateway drug, & so bar of cannabis apply might check likely maltreater from either trying and becoming seize on "hard" doses like deoxyephedrine. Meanwhile, a on the internet magazine Slate posted an article concurrently by having a Newsweek article (actually, slightly advance, in August Three) [http://slate.msn.com/id/2123838/], assaultive Newsweek for failing to suitably cite sources & information to back higher a claim that this occurs as "new" condition. A topic remains controversial.

Effects

Methamphetamine occurs as potent central nervous system stimulant that affects a brain by acting on the mechanisms responsible regulating a class of neurotransmitters called the biogenic amines or monoamine neurotransmitters. This wide class of neurotransmitters is usually responsible regulating pulse rate, blood heat, blood pressure, appetency, attention, mood & reactions associated by using alertness or even alarm conditions. Although a precise mechanism of action is unknown, these are usually believed that ice induces a release one monoamines through the monoamine transporter as well as blocking a re-uptake one neurotransmitters, stimulating a children to remain in the synaptic cleft longer than otherwise. When within virtually all neurotransmitter chemistry, its results come adapted per affected nerve cell by the decrease in the production of the neurotransmitters existence blocked from either re-uptake, leading to the tolerance & withdrawal results. Around medicine these are utilized as an suppressant inside caring for fleshiness, caring for anaesthetic overdose & narcolepsy.

A intense results of a drug closely resemble the physiologic & psychological results of the fight-or-flight response including increased heart rate & blood pressure, vasoconstriction, pupil dilation, bronchial dilation & increased blood glucose. A human world health organization ingests glass might own experience an increased focus & mental alertness & a elimination of the subjective results of fatigue too as a decrease inside appetence. Numbers of one results come broadly interpreted when euphory or even the feel of easily-welfare, intelligence & power.

A Seventeenth edition of The Merck Manual (1999) describes the results of heavily trash utilise inside these terms: Based in delivery method & dose, the dose of trash might possibly keep the user waken using a feeling of euphory for periods lasting Two–Two dozen hours.

the intense results decline when a brain chemistry starts to adapt to a chemical substance conditions & when a immune system metabolizes the chemical, leading to a rapid loss of the initial symptom & a important rebound effect as the antecedently sopping synaptic cleft becomes depleted of the equivalent neurotransmitters that got antecedently been elevated. Numbers of users so compensate by administering thomas more of the drug to maintain their todays state of euphory & alertness. This run may be repeated several times, typically leading to the user remaining arouse for days, when which secondary sleep deprivation effects manifest in the user. Classic sleep deprivation results include irritability, blurred vision, memory lapses, confusion, paranoia, hallucinations, infection, & (inside extreme lawsuits) dying. Fallowing prolonged utilize, a shabu user might commence to turn into irritable, virtually all probably due to deficiency of sleep.

Methamphetamine is reported to attack a body, and then ice users come typically prof these to contagions of different variety, one existence an MRSA infection. This, as well, can just become the symptom of long-semipermanent sleep deprivation and/or chronic malnutrition.

These are the most common belief that crank gives population extr-mortal nature and severity. This is non really admittedly, however methedrine inhibits irritation & increases metabolism, which allows a individual to click muscles to points of failure that would otherwise exist as harder or even impossible to email. (Look at a article entitled Exercise and Stimulants for a better description of the factors exposed.)

More side results include vellication, "jitteriness", insistent behavior (referred to as "tweaking"), & jaw clenching or even dentition grinding. It has been noted anecdotally that chicken feed addicts lose their dentition abnormally convenient; this can be due to the jaw clenching, although heavily glass users likewise tend to negligence personalized hygiene, like brushing dentition. These are typically claimed that smoking crank speeds this run by allowing the crystalline residue on the dentition, & spell this is apparently confirmed by tooth doctor, there are no clinical studies use at times been done to investigate.

A few users exhibit sexually compulsive behavior even and will locate inside extended intimate encounters sustaining 1 or additional souls, typically alien. This behavior is substantially supplementary commons among gay and bisexual male methamphetamine users than their heterosexual counterparts. When these are diagnostic to prove my point ingesting a drug to combat fatigue, an encounter or even series of encounters could go for many times. This compulsive behavior has created the hyperlink between trash utilize & sexually transmitted disease (STD) transmission, especially HIV and syphilis. This induced low concern among big gay communities, particularly people around Atlanta, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco, leading to outreach programs & zoom around 12-step organizations such as Crystal Meth Anonymous. View Crystal and sex.

Addiction
Methamphetamine is an addictive drug. Patch withdrawal symptoms are less pronounced than alcohol or opiates (such as heroin), they are all the same physiological in nature and include seizures, narcolepsy, and stroke. What is more, a mental & social results of quitting may be severe & pleasantly hard for the addict. When by using everthing addictions, relapse is common.

Inside an article just about his boy's addiction to shabu, a California writer world health organization has likewise experimented sustaining the drug put it this way: Previous users keep close at hand noted that it sense stunned or even dull whilst it quit utilizing chicken feed. This is because a brain is adapting the need for even methamphetamine to believe sooner, or at what seems to exist as a higher level. People using ADHD are typically at especially higher chance for addiction to glass, because a drug often increases a user's ability to focus & reduces impulsivity, creating the mechanism by which is better respire to cope. For this understanding, doses such as this must exist as utilized simply under the supervising of a licenced psychiatrist. A human by owning ADHD is susceptible to chalk's adverse results (look at below), so guide stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin®), dextroamphetamine (Dexadrine®) and amphetamine salt (Adderall®)are overpoweringly indicated.

By having long-semipermanent chicken feed have, plenty dopamine will have flooded the brain to stimulator chemical cell damage. This typically leads to slow mentation (which successively takes that a addict have ice to 'fix' it), & depression. This is known conversationally when "The Vampire Life".

Super good long-long-run deoxyephedrine abuse correlates extremely by using unfortunate hygiene and general self-ccome, and several of a health risks inherent inside administering the drug are typically severely exascerbated by this. Unfortunate hydration & infrequent dental hygiene strongly increase the risks of damage to dentition from either smoking or even snorting, when infrequent bathing increases the risk that minor even rash or irritations on the arm from either needle have may reach contagion & complications. Usually unfortunate maintenance of dwelling conditions may increase the general risk to sickness across a wide kind of malaise-inducing agencies, like bacteria that may develop inside ill cleansed lebensraum. Eventually, in case methedrine liquidate fact attack a body, it follows that a ability of the personal to resist any malady is compromised, & that heavily shabu users, on top instance, get further susceptible to unfortunate health & unwellness generally. Severe suits of addiction come typically marked by several one illness & hallmarks, which may operate within combination to nearly entirely kill a user's health.

Beneficial versus adverse effects

Beneficial results of chalk apply come usually had immediately. Adverse results occur using chronic utilize (extra than 6–12 months).

Beneficial effects
Increased awareness & alertness Greater motivation Increased mentation & brain activity (short-short-run) Weight loss (could likewise exist as an adverse consequence, based upon circumstances) Heightened intimate stimulation

Adverse effects
Compulsive fascination by having useless insistent tasks (look at Punding) Severe psychological addiction Depression Amphetamine psychosis Erectile dysfunction (see "crystal dick") Long-long-run cognitive impairment due to neurotoxicity Tooth decay ("meth mouth") Damage to immune system Lasting anhedonia with chronic use Death

Physical and chemical properties of Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is an alkaloid similar in structure to amphetamine and MDMA (Ecstacy). In comparison virtually all illegal doses, deoxyephedrine occurs as elementary molecule by using the moo molecular weight. Unlike freebase cocaine ("crack"), which is a waxen, smokeable form of cocain, freebase chicken feed is an oily liquid that has there is no have except in the production of street crank. Prior even to a manufacturer (or "cook") may sell his drug, he must convert a oil to methamphetamine hydrochloride. Methamphetamine hydrochloride occurs as salt of methamphetamine, & this is what virtually all population believe of once it believe of street chalk. On the street, this hydrochloride salt is known as "crystal meth", "speed" "crank", "crystal", & xii of more list.

Methods of use

Methamphetamine may be swallowed, snorted, smoked, dissolved around a fluids supply & injected, or even even inserted anally (using or while forgoing dissolution inside water). whenever by using everthing moorage doses, the expected for addiction is greater when these come delivered by methods that are causal agents for the concentration in a blood to rise quickly, in the main because the results desired per user are felt additional quickly & using a higher intensity than a qualified delivery mechanism. As a matter of fact, studies utilize at times shown that a subjective pleasure of drug use (& liklihood of addiction) is proportional to a rate that the blood level of the drug increases. Usually, injecting is the "fastest" mechanism (we.e., it stimulates a blood concentration to rise a virtually all quickly in the shortest period), followed by smoking, so snorting, so drinking. These are non completely certaaround in which anal insertion would fall on this listing, however a bit of short anecdotical grounds to believe puts a results probably someplace in between smoking & snorting.

Methamphetamine occurs as right nasal decongestant, so shabu users world health organization snort it typically stand super clear nasal cavities. Even so, there own been uncommon instances of humans snorting such chalk that their nose cartilage deteriorates, though snorting cocaine is far supplementary belike to induce rhinal degeneration, due to its vasoconstrictive properties. Snorting chicken feed will likewise induce tooth decompose, since a rhinal passages come directly attached to the mouth region, and these are theorized that damaging crystalline particles potty however grab a dentition. An additional theory is that a drug directly infects atomic number 20 balance in the person.

Methamphetamine is usually smoked witharound glass pipes, or even in aluminum foil heated by the flaming underneath. This method is also referred to as "chasing the dragon". Methamphetamine must exist as heated (non burnt) to are causal agents for a desired smoke. Smoking meth is probably a virtually all impure form of uptake. Additionally to the conceivable results in dentition, these are super damaging to the lungs. Methamphetamine users world health organization smoke it for instance own experience modest asthma, which can be countered by inhaling salbutamol aerosol spray, or epinephrine aerosol. An additional condition sustaining smoking methedrine is the likely presence of oxidation byproducts created when a heated drug comes around email by owning air. Potentially in case a initial drug is pure methamphetamine hydrochloride, a work of smoking it produces more chemical substance, a select few of which can be toxic.

Injection occurs as popular method for utilize, however possibly carries quite good risks. A hydrochloride salt of methamphetamine is soluble inside the water supply; injection users can apply any dose from either 200mg to all over a gram inside a single I personally.V. dose utilizing the little needle. Inside crank the food and drug administration, injection users typically don't own experience severe tooth decompose, presumptively because no residue left when sustaining smoking it. However injection users personal experience greater jaw-clenching than users world health organization snort or even smoke it, since injecting meth has the tremendously additional right result. This may drive free dentition, thus injection users however wash lose their dentition. Too, this method of consumption will bring a risk of infection; injection users often personal experience skin rashes (sometimes known as "speed bumps") & 100% rather contagions due to the methedrine damage to the skin. When by using any injected drug, in case the class action of users shares a common needle without sterilization procedures, super grave blood-borne diseases like HIV or hepatitis can be transmitted as well.

Super little search has focused in anal insertion as a method, & anecdotic grounds to believe of its results is infrequently discussed, even due to social taboos in numerous cultures on a anus. This is typically known inside communities that have methamphetamine hydrochloride for intimate stimulation as a "booty bump", & is anecdotally reported to increase sexual pleasure[http://www.citypages.com/databank/24/1171/article11254.asp] when a results of the drug survive. A rectum is where a majority of the drug would in all probability exist as taken higher, through the mucous membranes lining its walls. Want of directly exposure to dentition probably insulates users from either a majority of damaging dental results, however damage to sensitive anal & rectal tissues occurs as chance. Weakness inside these tissues might increase a chance of transmission of sexually-transmitted infections during sex. In case plenty chicken feed is taken and then that does'nt all of these are completely dissolved, abrasion of any prophylactic devices (such as condoms) used when you took sex may occur due to friction with undissolved meth crystals. This potty contribute to breakage of the prophylactic, & increased chance of disease transmission. (Watch Crystal and sex for further data in more chance factors.)

A least damaging method of ingesting chicken feed can be unwritten administration. a results are moderated above period to a greater degree, & neither dentition, skinside, nor rhinal passages come directly involved to possibly harmful chemical substance (assuming the user is careful does'nt to allow pure crystal methamphetamine to come in call for by owning these area of the immune system in the period of intake). A less unbearable "hit" might produce this the less popular todays selection for administration.

Legality
Methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II substance by the DEA in the United States. Internationally, shabu occurs as Schedule II drug under a Convention on Psychotropic Substances [http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf]. When there exists technically there is no difference between a laws on chalk & more restricted stimulants, virtually all medical agents come loath to prescribing it due to its status within society. Farther, there exists the bit of anecdotical grounds to believe that a DEA audits such prescriptions in a far other regular basis than similar doses.

Methamphetamine is legally marketed in a United States under the brand name Desoxyn, manufactured by Abbott Laboratories. Generic formulations of the drug are likewise available.

Methamphetamine has be the major focus of the 'war on drugs' in the US in recent years. Around a bit of neighborhood (e.g. Pierce County in Washington state, in 2000), special project forces were formed by constabulary to attack a condition of rampant trash production. Within a few areas of the United States, manufacturing methamphetamine is punishable by the compulsory x-month prison sentence. Withinside a few subjects, all a same, judges stand ruled for even life in prison forswearing the possibility of parole, especially just in case in which people were flushed by overdoses or impure substances.

In the UK, methamphetamine is classified as a Class B drug (under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. A maximal penalty for possession is 5 years imprisonment, & a maximal penalty for supplying is Xiv years. Whenever methamphetamine hydrochloride is brace oneself for injection, these are re-classified as a Class A drug. A maximal penalty for such possession is vii years imprisonment, & a maximal penalty for supplying is life imprisonment.

Inside 2005, Canada increased the maximal penalty for the productiin & distribution of methamphetamine hydrochloride from either Ten years to life within prison, placing it on par by owning cocaine and heroin offences.

Street names
Methamphetamine has numbers of street list; it was referred to as rain in the 1960s, and terms around popular utilize in todays world include shit, pope-dope, glass, ice, crystal, or even tina for even purer forms, or when less pure crystalline powder termed crank or even speed, & within rock form when pinch, dope, or even altogether (inside Hawaii, the slang expression batu is typically utilized). Area of Northward Texas utilize a title glory, known as for the "glorious" feeling experient in the period of the foremost or even skillful high. Within New Zealand, the term "P" is used. "Crystal meth" is the crystalline form of meth. TIK,when a drug is referred to around South Africa has spread like an epidemic non antecedently found by using any more habit. A want of education, overall awareness & noesis of a reasons, drives, results & corrective measures & areas of compulsory funding to resist the eventual social cataclysm in case does'nt addressed per greatest the correct sequence occurs as brobdingnagian stimulator of concern. Within its purest form, these are ordinarily known as "glass" or even "ice". This is because it appears to exist as broken sherd of glass or even crushed ice. A term ice has as well been utilized for the less most common destruct stimulant, 4-methylaminorex, which often stimulates confusion.

When chalk was quite popular within Japan fallowing Globe War II, a nickname shabu has persisted. When a few street folk might currently call for it simply "shabs", a origins of this nickname came from either a Japanese word for "swish". Either a Japanese unremarkably smoked it, or even a title swish come from either a behavior of a population under the influence. Chorea (or St. Vitus Dance) is quite usually seen as a result of prolonged utilise. Around Japan, methamphetamine hydrochloride usage as well today seems to become quite taboo (humans say that a individual world health organization shakes their leg makes a more people in the two 'lose their fortune', & periodically older Japanese folk may hang on to the leg all however until smart shoppers own stopped shaking). The like big percentage of Japanese experienced turn into contingent the drug for even profits, motivation, or amusement before long fallowing Globe War II. A Japanese banned a drug before long fallowing Globe War II, adding to growing yakuza businesses. A leaders of big yakuza began to control the diapers which got it used to be that been produced for military purposes. the like big underworld is however associated sustaining the drug within Japan, sustaining a select few humans existence associated sustaining a society separate from either virtually all of the law abiding citizens of Japan depending strictly on this chemical substance.

Nazi Dope usually refers to chicken feed manufactured using anhydrous ammonia, since it is rumored that this was a way a Nazis synthesized it in Globe War II. This equivalent method is periodically known as ''annie's dope or even merely annie.

Yaba'' are methamphetamine tablets, typically colored & flavored when confect. Yaba means "crazy drug" in the Thai language and is popular in East Asia and Southeast Asia, where a drug is produced.

TIK is wall street title of trash utilized by the sharply increasing total of addicts in the Western Cape province of South Africa.

A entirely utilized South African term "Tik" was coined inside mid-1996 per initial class action of 20 to Xxx users, beat their mid 30's & living inside middle/upper class Cape Town, all financially locate broker or even self-freelance enterpriser. The limited hebdomadally supply of around Thirty grams of glass that was debased (cut) sustaining Epson salt (atomic number 12 sulfate) was sold by the swell known regular dealer/supplier of 'E's' & badly cut coke to this circle of aquaintainces. 'Ice', when it was normally referred to, was sprinkled in tin foil, heated below by having a lighter to allow a encircled users to jointly inhale the smoke across straws. the Epson salts caused the product to form an instant crust on the foil, necessitating a user to sporadically crush the decreasing product by having their forefinger to a powder form to end wastage across burning.

the Afrikaans verb for typewriting is ‘TIK’- the typewriter is known as a ‘TIK MASJIEN’. Inordinately hanker periods of instance were spent by occasionally one users before of PCs through the causing results of the 'Ice'. When for numerous novices, 1 finger typewriting was a norm. From either a combination of using the equivalent finger for the periodical ritual of tapping (tikking), their crusty 'Ice Fix' neatly centered on a tin-tin foil beside the children, the sentence ''" I'm Tikking right now "'' wwhen the reply to a wonder from either an additional user as to their todays activity.

So, the descriptive term for glass was coined by these early substance abuser, world health organization thought it would give their 'secret question drug' its exclusive namelessness, especially once referred to publically. At present, about Ten years late these are a virtually all widely utilized slang expression in a working-class suburban area to decribe a product,the ritual & the state of the user: "Hy is lekker dik getik!" - "He is thoroughly tweaked up!"

Books
Methamphetamine Have: Clinical & Forensic Aspects, by Errol Yudko, Harold V. Hall,and Sandra B. McPherson. CRC Click, Boca Ratan, Fl, 2003. Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture, by Uncle Fester [http://www.pa-chouvy.org/yaabaa-methamphetamine-production-traffic-consumption.htm''YAA BAA. Production, Traffic & Consumption of Methamphetamine inside Mainland Sou'-east Asia", by Pierre-Arnaud CHOUVY & Joël MEISSONNIER Singapore University Press, 232 p., 2004.] Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved: A Chemical Love Story, Alexander Shulgin and Ann Shulgin, (ISBN 0963009605). a.k.a. PiHKAL. synthesis. [http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml online]